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Key populations (KPs) who are at risk of compromised situation of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Bangladesh constitute including males having sex with males, male sex workers, transgender women (locally known as hijra) and female sex workers. Globally, these key populations experience various sexual and reproductive health and rights burdens and unmet needs for ailments such as sexually transmitted infections, including Neisseria Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia Trachomatis and human papillomavirus. Most key population-focused interventions around the world, including Bangladesh, primarily address human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections-related concerns and provide syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections; other sexual and reproductive health and rights issues remain overlooked, which creates a lack of information in the related areas. There is currently no systematic research in Bangladesh that can produce representative data on sexual and reproductive health and rights among key populations, investigate their sexual and reproductive health and rights needs, how their needs evolve, and investigate underlying factors of sexual and reproductive health and rights issues, which is crucial for informing more sexual and reproductive health and rights-friendly interventions for key populations. Keeping all these issues in mind, we are proposing to establish a sexual and reproductive health and rights surveillance system for key populations in Bangladesh.